Hellenic and Hellenistic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hellenic and Hellenistic - Essay Example Hellenic world had the following characteristics: small cities with self-government system, education gained with the help of private tutors, limited commercial activity, women's role limited to domestic affairs, widespread slavery usage, development of poetry and drama introduction, philosophical movements with emphasis on logic and ethic, introduction of experimental method into sciences, and belief into Olympian gods. Hellenistic world was similar to Hellenic world, however, several new features were common: cities ruled by the wealthy class with centralization of power in the hands of monarchs, education provided at gymnasiums, extensive trade both on the sea and land, introduction of the marriage contracts (women could possess slaves and be property owners), local cultures mixed with classic Greek, philosophical emphasis shifted to non-rationalism and mysticism, and significant advances in astronomy and medicine (Thornton, p. 16-23). Position of women in the society is one of the differences between Hellenic and Hellenistic societies. In Hellenic civilization, marriages were the form of contract between the father of the girl and the father of the boy and were seen as the mean to consolidate the power. Usually men married in their late thirties. They had access to women before: so-called hetairas (prostitutes) were very common. Women from the higher level families, on the other side, were completely isolated from the society, they were not allowed to show themselves in public or when the guests arrived. Women lived in their own side of the house and usually married very early, in their mid-teens. Hellenistic culture has made a significant step in making women's position almost equal to men's. Women were allowed to own the property and slaves, to be the agents in business affairs and could sign the marriage contract outlining the responsibilities of both parties, the divorce and property ownership. Women could be the initiator of the divorce without being looked upon by society. Polis was the distinctive characteristic of Hellenic civilization. Polis was the city-state with independent government - there have been hundreds of such cities in Greece. City-state was governed by the oligarchy or by the representatives of upper level social class. This was some form of the dictatorship. In the sixths century, however, some form of democracy has been introduced into Greek civilization: Athenian democracy when citizens were granted the right to vote hold the office and own the property (Thornton, p. 85-86). Hellenistic age has changed the situation: absolute centralized monarchy has been introduced and more opportunities were granted to upper class women. Women still could not vote or participate in political activities, however, they were involved indirectly and their opinion has been taken into account. Hellenistic monarchy has laid the foundation for the development of urban culture. The typical male representative of Hellenic culture was concerned with polis, conformist and oriented towards the public life, while the representative of Hellenistic culture was individualistic, possessed cosmopolitan outlook and was oriented towards

Motivation Essay Example for Free

Motivation Essay 1. Define and discuss motivation. Which theory of motivation offers the best chance, if handled properly, of increasing productivity in your workplace? Motivation can be described as a process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction and persisitence of efforts towards attaining a goal (Robbins, 2004). While general motivation is concerned with motivation towards the achievement of any goal, this paper will be discussing motivation in relation to organizational goals, as the focus is on work related behavior (Robbins, 2004). With regards to the definition, there are 3 key elements related to motivation. Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries to achieve a goal. But in order for intensity to trnaslate into better performance it has to be channeled in the right direction. So, the quality of the intensity is very essential. Persistence is another dimension to motivation. It is a measure of how long a person can maintain his or her efforts. There have been numerous theories on motivation, devised and tested multiple times. But the theory I find most relevant and important to a workplace, the work be of any nature, is the expectacy theory, put forward by Victor Vroom (Robbins, 2004). Expectancy theory focuses on three main relationships. The effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship and the reward-personal goal relationship. In more practical terms, expectancy theory says that when an employee puts in effort o his job it is partly because he believes his effort will translate into better performance, but this performance alone would be useless to him, until and unless there are obvious benefits attached to better performance, i.e. rewards. These rewrds may be monetary or non-monetary and may vary from a promotion or pay increment to a pat on the back from the boss and a word or two of appreciation from the supervisor. This would motivate the workforce, as every individual will perceive that with this job he would be able accomplish his personal goals. 2. Define and discuss leadership. Which style is presently used in your own workplace? Which style is needed, or which style do you believe should be used to increase productivity? Leadership theories have great applications in business settings. For example, some organizations look for leadership traits when choosing a candidate for a leadership position.   Most organizations that we normally encounter look for specific personality traits of individuals such as their openness to experience, social behavior, extraversion etc. These are the traits that are associated with good leaders. Extraversion is a trait that is mostly associated with leadership emergence because extraverted people are quick to establish contacts, have usually good communication skills and are emotionally aware of others. Similarly, openness to experience is a good indicator of a leader’s ability to encounter and deal with new situations. Contemporary theories of leadership such as Charismatic leadership and Transformational leadership fit very well in the dynamic situation of the contemporary world. Contemporary leadership theories view leaders as individuals who inspire their followers through their words, ideas and behaviors. And this is so true of today’s successful leaders (Kotter, 1995).   Charismatic leadership theory can be applied to leaders such as New York mayor Rudy Guiliani, African President Nelson Mandela, and African-American leader Martin Luther King. Through his rhetoric, Martin Luther king was able to consolidate the civil rights movement and became one of the most inspiring leaders (Kotter, 1995). Contemporary leadership theories are forward looking as they emphasize on leader’s vision. A clear vision is described as one of the qualities of charismatic leaders because it is their vision that binds their followers and becomes the impetus for change. Moreover, contemporary leadership theories put emphasis on leader-follower relationship as in Leader Exchange Theory (Robbins, 2004). As employees become more empowered, leader-follower relationship becomes even more important and contemporary leadership theories provide valuable information in this regard. So, in essence, leadership has a huge role to play when it comes to the employees’ attitude towards work. Because, if a leader can inspire and motivate his or her followers, it may help bring out a more positive attitude from them, and ultimately this would have a positive impact on the productivity of the company.

Love Over the Centuries in Writing Essay -- Poetry Poets Writing Love

Love Over the Centuries in Writing Compare the different ways and forms in which poets have written about love over the centuries? Love is a universal theme throughout literature from past to modern day. Love has evolved over the centuries, in the way people feel it and show it and so has the way poets have written about love. Over centuries history has changed the values of love and what it is from the French Revolution to the First World War. Always love is an important theme in society therefore in literature. Creating poems of the time to reflect the period when it was written. In the 17th century, poets portrayed love to be sexual and the women would not be sexually active until marriage, because the 17th century was a time of strict religion. Men would idealise their love for a women but women would want be virgins and this is portrayed in the poem ‘To His Coy Mistress’. This love is called courtly love and was very traditional in the 17th century. In the first stanza Andrew Marvell describes the love in the poem in first person. This makes the poem personal and is important to show how intimate the love is with using the second person pronoun "we" can illustrate connection or bond between him and her, this can express that a woman is not just a sexual object but a partner in life. The whole poem is a speech to get the women into bed. Andrew Marvell uses biblical references to illustrate to how love to his mistress goes on for eternity. Andrew Marvell describes by using the mention of the Jews in the poem. The religious aspect to the poem is a way to show love in 17th century. The love is over exaggerated in the first stanza, and the reader in the 21st century would find this humorous but in ... ...o convey how love feels and have individualised poems, and how love can be expressed. In conclusion to this essay, poems have evolved with how society has changed the poems I have analysed can show this themselves. These poems show society as it was when they were wrote however some of the poems can relate to the modern day society in which we live in today. Love poems from centuries ago can relate to people now, the reason for this is that love is an emotion that will never die and it is felt by everyone. The poem ‘First Love’ can be read by anyone today and people can relate to their own first love; love can also be rejected by anyone. Females are still being victims of prejudice even though as a society we are against sexism, this is a reason why ‘A Women to her Lover’ can be related to by any women today wanting to be an equal in life and love.

Mise-En-Scene

Mise-en-scene denotes the varying elements that are placed in a scene. This includes the camera needed components that are used to generate meaning –costume/lighting/acting and the types of shots used and camera techniques/movements. Thus the main function of Mise-en-scene is to add to the narrative by creating meaning, allowing creative expression through the physical  manipulation of each scene. The chosen film is Bram Stokers Dracula, 1992. The establishing shot begins with Vladimir turning against God.From the onset strong religious symbolism such as and Islamic crescent as a shadow on a map and a crucifix falling to the ground are present. The non-diagetic sound that is heard creates a dramatic tone with a building crescendo when the battle commences with Vladimir kissing the Cross. The battle is portrayed similar to a marionette show surrounded by blazing fire, creating a mystical atmosphere. The use of subtitles when Vladimir is informed of his wife’s suicide a gain supports a mythical ambience and shifts Vladimir’s belief in God, by throwing down his sword blood pours from the freshly pierced cross.Binary opposition is present with Good vs. Evil with the blood covering the ground. This represents the smother effect of evil. The responder is then presented with a shift from the current scene to the bitter sites of London a desolate contrast to the just occurred. We are informed of the date and situation emphasising that we are now viewing the present opposed to a the past. Meaning is primarily shaped by mise-en-scene in the opening sequence due to very thin dialogue.The narration by Anthony Hopkins helps the responder link meaning to the mise-en-scene. The elements such as the Crescent’s shadow or the falling cross allow us to realise who is fighting and the location. Due to the fact that the meaning is created through both a mixture of mise-en-scene and dialogue through comparative analysis we are able to assume what the tru e meaning is. However in this scene the mise-en-scene is more effective element than dialogue due to the minimal discourse present.The main genre of Bram Stokers Dracula is Horror and uses the typical mise-en-scene associated with this genre. Blood, fire, demonic creates, ominous lighting (red/black), quick camera movement and death all reflect that of a horror film. We can conclude from this that much of the mise-en-scene is determined by the genre. Also the narrative of the film is in contrast to what the mise-en-scene indicates. Dracula goes to England to seduce Jonathan Harker’s fiance and inflict havoc.With analysais of the mise-en-scene we assume that Dracula yearns to inflict havoc, due to the evil looking eye in the sky, the dark ominous lighting. However with support from the dialogue it informs the responder that Dracula feels for his lost wife. Overall the mise-en-scene supports particular aspects of the narrative whilst conveying a gothic and evil atmosphere.Bibli ography  : Bordwell D. and Thompson K. , 2003. Film Art: An Introduction. 7th ed. Mcgraw-Hill Gibbs, J. , 2002. Mise-En-Scene: Film style and interpretation. 1st ed. Wallflower press Mise-En-Scene Mise-en-scene denotes the varying elements that are placed in a scene. This includes the camera needed components that are used to generate meaning –costume/lighting/acting and the types of shots used and camera techniques/movements. Thus the main function of Mise-en-scene is to add to the narrative by creating meaning, allowing creative expression through the physical  manipulation of each scene. The chosen film is Bram Stokers Dracula, 1992. The establishing shot begins with Vladimir turning against God.From the onset strong religious symbolism such as and Islamic crescent as a shadow on a map and a crucifix falling to the ground are present. The non-diagetic sound that is heard creates a dramatic tone with a building crescendo when the battle commences with Vladimir kissing the Cross. The battle is portrayed similar to a marionette show surrounded by blazing fire, creating a mystical atmosphere. The use of subtitles when Vladimir is informed of his wife’s suicide a gain supports a mythical ambience and shifts Vladimir’s belief in God, by throwing down his sword blood pours from the freshly pierced cross.Binary opposition is present with Good vs. Evil with the blood covering the ground. This represents the smother effect of evil. The responder is then presented with a shift from the current scene to the bitter sites of London a desolate contrast to the just occurred. We are informed of the date and situation emphasising that we are now viewing the present opposed to a the past. Meaning is primarily shaped by mise-en-scene in the opening sequence due to very thin dialogue.The narration by Anthony Hopkins helps the responder link meaning to the mise-en-scene. The elements such as the Crescent’s shadow or the falling cross allow us to realise who is fighting and the location. Due to the fact that the meaning is created through both a mixture of mise-en-scene and dialogue through comparative analysis we are able to assume what the tru e meaning is. However in this scene the mise-en-scene is more effective element than dialogue due to the minimal discourse present.The main genre of Bram Stokers Dracula is Horror and uses the typical mise-en-scene associated with this genre. Blood, fire, demonic creates, ominous lighting (red/black), quick camera movement and death all reflect that of a horror film. We can conclude from this that much of the mise-en-scene is determined by the genre. Also the narrative of the film is in contrast to what the mise-en-scene indicates. Dracula goes to England to seduce Jonathan Harker’s fiance and inflict havoc.With analysais of the mise-en-scene we assume that Dracula yearns to inflict havoc, due to the evil looking eye in the sky, the dark ominous lighting. However with support from the dialogue it informs the responder that Dracula feels for his lost wife. Overall the mise-en-scene supports particular aspects of the narrative whilst conveying a gothic and evil atmosphere.Bibli ography  : Bordwell D. and Thompson K. , 2003. Film Art: An Introduction. 7th ed. Mcgraw-Hill Gibbs, J. , 2002. Mise-En-Scene: Film style and interpretation. 1st ed. Wallflower press

Crash: White People and Movie

Crash (2004) Directory Paul Haggis Crash is a movie that takes place in a two-day period and puts racism right in the face of viewers. From the time the movie starts to the time the movie ends, there is racism covered. The opening scene shows a black couple driving and gets pulled over by two white cops. One of the white cops starts harassing the black couple and leads to comments about race. It quickly turns worse as the white cop starts molesting the female of the couple they pulled over. Which in turn then causes a debate between the black couple about being controlled by white people.This was just the opening scene of the movie. This is a very powerful scene that leads up to all the events happening during the movie. There is racism in every part of this movie and from every angle. The movie shows how people themselves can be racist toward their own race and others. Crash breaks down stereotypes and shows how each has race certain features that the race has. There were scenes tha t showed what stereotypes Muslims have and how they talk to each other and own small convenience store. Later in the movie their store was trashed and spray paint on their walls called them â€Å"towel heads†.There was a Mexican lock smith who was in a white woman’s house changing out locks and was said to have the look of gang members and go to his â€Å"homies† with an extra set of keys to rob them. Which later shows him with his family at home and him loving his daughter. The list goes on and on with each different race to show stereotypes and how they are perceived and then shows the character in the way they live their life in that movie, being that it a true state of truth or what the real life is. Crash brings real life situations to light. There is a lawyer who even uses a race card to try to get people on his side.It is not how he honestly feels but it is how he is seen in the public eye. Brendan Fraser plays the, not so popular, role of the lawyer. A v ery different role for him to play and puts him as a bad character. Every movie he has completed, he has been a good guy type and lovable. Crash puts him into a category where later on could get fans to turn on him for this role. But he does a great job portraying this character truthfully. All the characters in the movie appear to have some kind of connection to each other, but not knowingly connected.Each character starts their own story, but by the end of the movie, shows how they all are connected to each other. They movie ends with the racist white cop who molested the black female from the couple he pulled over in the beginning of the movie, saving her life from a firey car accident. She tries to reject his help because of what happened earlier, but knows she has no other choice to accept his help. It shows that sometimes first impressions are not always true and people could be different from what they pictured in their head.When they showed the background on the racist cop, they showed he had troubles at home with is father that he loved and cared for. And he was not getting sleep because of the type of care he was giving him. Later on calling for help from his insurance company, who happens to be a black female with a â€Å"typical† black female name, causing another racist remark. But, again, the only thing he is looking for is help for his father. The black female insurance person was very angry about how she was being treated on the phone and that he was being racist. But later in the movie, it showed that she herself was making racist remarks.This movie has very real life situations. This movie can and does happen in everyday life. I have seen it happen and been around it when it happened. Everyone has stereotypes towards all races. Is that racism? Maybe and maybe not! It’s all how you act out on it. And in this movie Crash, everyone acts out on his or her beliefs of every race. In fact, the movie was based on a real life incident, w hich happened to director and writer Paul Haggis when his car was hijacked in 1991. (â€Å"Crash(2004),† ) Since this story was created on real life, it could happen and will most likely happen again in life. I, personally, loved the movie.It had a very powerful and strong message. Crash got you to hate and yet like the characters. Some parts pulled at my heartstrings and got me to cry multiple times. Why did I cry during this movie? I cried because I can see this happening everyday. I can see how this hurts people and how desperate people can be to make themselves look good. The movie did win BEST PICTURE and BEST WRITING awards at the Oscars the following year. The script was done perfect. A lot of thought went into writing this and brought in from personal experience. We all have own thoughts on how every race is seen in the public eye.Everyone doesn’t know what happens behind closed doors. When things happen behind closed doors, we do not know the whole complete st ory. And that’s when judgment is brought out. Racism happens everyday. It can be happening right in front of us or we can be the guilty party of creating it. It is a hard battle to fight when there is so much happening everyday. We choose which we do. Stand together and fight against this evil or keep going living our lives with hate towards each other and act like nothing is wrong. Crash(2004). (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0375679/faq

Adding a Class to the School Curriculum Essays

Adding a Class to the School Curriculum Essays Adding a Class to the School Curriculum Essay Adding a Class to the School Curriculum Essay Beloved Principal. a category that specializes in focal point. prioritizing. organisation and survey accomplishments is perfectly necessary for any Middle School pupil. At my age and younger. pupils have a inclination to be disorganized both physically and mentally. I have a bent for losing and burying my prep assignments and my classs enduring. I know I am non entirely in this battle against jumble and forgetfulness. Critical thought categories provide a pupil with construction. survey accomplishments and the art of prioritising. I know personally the effects of school on a pupil who is unprepared and disorganized. The emphasis and insomniac darks can be avoided with a category dedicated to the student’s hereafter. Unlike Math and Language Arts. this category would be linked with the students’ success in EVERY other category. The benefits would non merely refer to pupils. but to the enthusiasm and effectivity of a instructor. Is at that place an ything more of import than fixing a pupil for his or her hereafter? The accomplishments learned in a critical thought category would assist a pupil non merely through Middle and High School. The survey accomplishments and note pickings schemes would besides be utile and really good in College and whatever calling they choose to prosecute in the hereafter. A category dedicated on learning a pupil to stay focussed and take accurate notes in talks would be good to all the woolgatherers. doodlers and dozers who can’t listen to a instructor and remain focused on the words coming out of her oral cavity. I know the effects all excessively good. As my instructor begins her day-to-day harangue. I shut my head off and allow it roll around the room. I see pupils saw wooding in the corner and others doodling in their notebook or flinging notes to each other every bit slyly as possible. I smile at their jokes in alleviating the wash uping ennui of a category like this. Merely a smattering of pupils are really listening to the instructor and it is apparent that they instead be anyplace else making anything else. With tiffin merely ten proceedingss off the whole category is already atilt towards the door and gazing ravenously at the wall clock. I am snapped out of my reverie by the shrill scream of the tiffin bell above my caput. Relief runs through me as the instructor dismisses us and our rumble tummy. Equally rapidly as I possibly can I scramble to pack up all my things and haste to the lunchroom. I don’t even retrieve to compose down the prep assignment! This forgetfulness is fueled by my inability to remain focused in any category much less the one right before tiffin. The dark before I had stayed up all dark analyzing for a different trial this necessarily leads to me being crabbed and unfocussed for the undermentioned yearss. Particularly since every dark seemed to be a late dark and with the emphasis and deficiency of slumber I am on t he brink of snarling. The following twenty-four hours I fail the dad quiz along with about all of the pupils who stopped listening to the teacher’s talk. five proceedingss in. Mr. Principal. if pupils knew how to take accurate notes and focal point. so the snore in the dorsum of the category would be brought to a lower limit every bit good as all the other distractions in the room. Students would be more eager to larn if they understood how to make it in a manner that works for them and they see the positive effects it can hold on their lives. Grades overall would better if pupils knew how to listen in category and survey right. Alternatively of waiting until the dark before a immense test. reading words over and over until they become a disorderly muss of neer stoping letters and symbols. I could analyze one measure at a clip so that on the dark before I can plane over the subjects and be prepared to confront the trial. Being prepared supports pupils from desiring to ditch school in order to avoid the trial as a whole or merely to kip in and catch up on some Z’s. Preparation would besides convey the deficiency of slumber and emphasis to a lower limit. No longer would the hemorrhoids of neer stoping prep and survey ushers hover over our worn out heads. non if we knew how to work in front and prioritise what needs to be done now and what can be done increasingly. It would assist to maintain pupils fresh. awake and ready to larn every forenoon. Not merely could rate better. but so would the school’s attending record. Mr. Principal. pupils are more willing to come to category if there is something to look frontward to. Alternatively of school being deadening and agonizing. it could be viewed as an chance to set the accomplishments learned in their Critical Thinking category to the trial. There would besides be less jobs waking up and hence doing it to category on clip. No more off-guard in category. alternatively pupils would be note-taking and instructors would see the increased enthusiasm in their category. The instructors would be motivated to work even harder to learn their pupils all they can. Why would instructors desire to learn if they know that the pupils couldn’t attention less? If instructors see pupils take parting and non moving out so they would besides be motivated to assist the pupils learn even more than what is specified in the course of study. Regular and advanced pupils would excel any of the other schools. The school would work at least 10 times more expeditiously and fruitfully. Everyone would be enthusiastic and successful in school. Mr. Principal if adding a category could find whether your school is mean or above norm. would you take the opportunity? The accomplishments learned in Middle School Critical Thinking categories would hold a permanent feeling in a student’s life everlastingly. With the added accomplishments. advanced instructors. and motive that a pupil additions while taking a Critical Thinking category would decidedly up their opportunit ies of that pupil remaining in school non merely in High School. but come oning even in the College degree. This is non a simple effort and many pupils who merely don’t cognize how to maintain their lives organized have a batch more opportunities of dropping out than the pupil who is good prepared and ready to take on anything the category has for them. In college most if non all the categories are talks. if this bores a pupil or a pupil knows how to maintain organized notes so the categories will be a batch harder. In comparing to High School. College has a batch more enticement to travel party alternatively of analyzing. or hanging out with friends in your residence hall alternatively of traveling over yesterday’s notes. This can take to dropping classs and even dropping out of school. Peer force per unit area to imbibe. fume and non analyze is a LOT stronger as the old ages go by. In college instructors are no longer on top of their pupils to make their assignments and to analyze like the instructors in Middle School and High School. Students have more freedom and a more d uty to maintain their classs integral and the pick to worry about their academic or their societal life. This duty may be excessively much for an mean pupil. but for a pupil who has been taught and has practiced their critical thought accomplishments. the pick is obvious. The pupils who have the subject to prioritise right and set their school foremost will be more successful clip and clip once more over the pupil who picks his societal life over his stupid classs. The pupils who stay up until midnight jaming for an test that they knew months before will besides fight with their ain jobs in the hereafter. Mr. Principal. a pupil who has practiced subject. prioritizing. focussing and productiveness will be prepared for anything that can come at them in the hereafter. It is your occupation to fix your pupils and if your pupils aren’t bettering so their faculty members are neglecting. This is non something that can be fixed with MORE work. but with a category that helps childs pull off their clip better. Skills like these are non merely utile in college though. They are utile in the students’ calling. Discipline and regard are really utile in an office scene particularly when interning. Interns are normally put through a series of trial before they are even accepted! Most of the clip these trials have nil to make with what one hundred 20 thousand times 50 is. but with how to pull off two or three undertakings at the same clip and how to be adaptable in any state of affairs. An intern who already knows how to take outline notes and schedule their yearss consequently will hold much more opportunities of wining in the concern universe over an unprepared shirker. Foremans look for organisation and readying in their employees. but above that they look for person who looks the portion. Before you even open your oral cavity in an interview. the lone thing the employer sees is merely how long you stayed up the dark before fixing a last minute sketch. The bags under your eyes and crumpled outfit won’t seem like a presentable and organized employee and the misprint in your sketch will stand out in comparing to the other applier who worked on their sketch for a hebdomad. reading and rereading it until it was flawlessness. The applier who has her hair absolutely in topographic point. her outfit ironed level and to the full prepared to talk to the employer has a batch more opportunities of being hired. This all goes back to you. Mr. Principal. The student’s ability to concentrate on the interview and be prepared depends to the full on what opportunities YOU put in their lives when they are in your school. If Critical Thinking Classes aren’t offered in school so your pupils will be beat out in interview after interview non merely for their callings. but for college and for advanced arrangement. This will impede them in comparing to the pupils who have all the accomplishment they taught in their Critical Thinking categories to assist them through the interview and even to their publicities in work. Mr. Chief pupils deserve to hold a category that will let them to hold an upperhand in categories. interviews and applications. Every pupil has the ability to hold straight A’s and be successful. but non all of them have the accomplishments needed to set their abilities to work and assist them non merely in Middle School. but for the remainder of their lives. Mr. Principal you have nil to lose and everything to derive. The esteem of both your staff and pupils and the unbelievable feeling that comes from cognizing that you’ve made a difference in your pupils lives. Without a uncertainty. thanks to the Critical Thinking Class your school could profit from the increased academic abilities of your pupils. This category will assist pupils for coevalss to come. if you could travel back in clip wouldn’t you want to be given this opportunity?

Killer Whale (Orca) Facts

Killer Whale (Orca) Facts With their striking black and white markings and prevalence at marine parks, the killer whale, also known as the orca or Orcinus orca, is probably one of the most easily-recognized cetacean species. The largest of the dolphin species, orcas live in oceans and seas around the world and can grow to 32 feet long and weigh up to six tons. The name killer whale originated with whalers, who called the species whale killer because of its tendency to prey on whales along with other species such as pinnipeds and fish. Over time, perhaps because of the whales tenacity and ferocity in hunting, the name was switched to killer whale. Fast Facts: Killer Whales (Orcas) Scientific Name: Orcinus orcaCommon Name(s): Killer whale, orca, blackfish, grampusBasic Animal Group:  Mammal  Ã‚  Size:16–26 feetWeight: 3–6 tonsLifespan: 29–60 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  All oceans and most seas with a preference for northern latitudesPopulation:  50,000Conservation  Status:  Data Deficient Description Killer whales, or orcas, are the largest member of the Delphinidae- the family of cetaceans known as the dolphins. Dolphins are a type of toothed whale, and members of the Delphinidae family share several characteristics- they have cone-shaped teeth, streamlined bodies, a pronounced beak (which is less pronounced in orcas), and one blowhole, rather than the two blowholes found in baleen whales. Male killer whales can grow to a maximum length of 32 feet, while females can grow to 27 feet in length. Males weigh up to six tons while females can weigh as little as three tons. An identifying characteristic of killer whales is their tall, dark dorsal fin, which is much larger in males- a males dorsal fin can reach a height of six feet, while a females dorsal fin can reach a maximum height of about three feet. Males also have larger pectoral fins and tail flukes. All killer whales have teeth on both their top and bottom jaws- 48 to 52 teeth in total. These teeth can be up to 4 inches long. Although toothed whales have teeth, they dont chew their food- they use their teeth for capturing and tearing food. Young killers whales get their first teeth at 2 to 4 months of age. Researchers identify individual killer whales by the size and shape of their dorsal fins, the shape of the saddle-shaped, light patch behind the dorsal fin, and scars or marks on their dorsal fins or bodies. Identifying and cataloging whales based on natural markings and characteristics is a type of research called photo-identification. Photo-identification allows researchers to learn about the life histories, distribution, and behavior of individual whales, and more about species behavior and abundance as a whole.   wildestanimal/Getty Images Habitat and Range Killer whales are often described as the most cosmopolitan of all cetaceans. They can be found in all oceans of the world, and not just in the open ocean- near shore, at the entrance to rivers, in semi-enclosed seas, near the equator, and in polar regions covered with ice. In the United States, orcas are most commonly found in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Diet Killer whales are at the top of the food chain and have very diverse diets, feasting on fish, penguins, and marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and even whales, employing teeth that can be four inches long. They are known to grab seals right off the ice. They also eat fish, squid, and seabirds. Gerard Soury/Getty Images Behavior Killer whales may work in pods to hunt their prey and have a number of interesting techniques to hunt prey, which includes working together to create waves to wash seals off ice floes and sliding onto beaches to capture prey. Killer whales use a variety of sounds for communicating, socializing and finding prey. These sounds include clicks, pulsed calls, and whistles. Their sounds are in the range of 0.1 kHz to about 40 kHz. Clicks are primarily used for echolocation, although they may also be used for communication. The pulsed calls of killer whales sound like squeaks and squawks and appear to be used for communication and socialization. They can produce sounds very rapidly- at a rate of up to 5,000 clicks per second. You can hear killer whale calls here on the Discovery of Sound in the Sea website. Different populations of killer whales make different vocalizations, and different pods within these populations may even have their own ​dialect. Some researchers can distinguish individual pods, and even matrilines (the line of relationship that can be traced from one mother to her offspring), just by their ​calls. Danita Delimont/Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Killer whales reproduce slowly: Mothers give birth to a single baby about every three to 10 years, and pregnancy lasts for 17 months. Babies nurse for up to two years. Adult orcas generally help mothers to care for their young. While young orcas may separate from their birth pod as adults, many stay with the same pod throughout their lives. Male and female orcas. Kerstin Meyer / Getty Images Threats Orcas, like other cetaceans, are threatened by a range of human activities including noise, hunting, and habitat disturbance. Other threats faced by killer whales include pollution (orcas can carry chemicals such as PCBs, DDTs and flame retardants that can affect the immune and reproductive systems), ship strikes, reduction of prey due to overfishing, and loss of habitat, entanglement, ship strikes, irresponsible whale watching, and noise in the habitat, which can affect the ability to communicate and find prey. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature had, for years, described orcas a conservation dependent. They changed that assessment to data deficient in 2008 to recognize the probability that different species of killer whales experience different levels of threat. Species Killer whales were long considered one species- Orcinus orca, but now it appears that there are several species (or at least, subspecies- researchers are still figuring this out) of orcas. As researchers learn more about orcas, they have proposed separating the whales into different species or subspecies based on genetics, diet, size, vocalizations, location and physical appearance. In the Southern Hemisphere, proposed species include those referred to as Type A (Antarctic), large type B (pack ice killer whale), small Type B (Gerlache killer whale), Type C (Ross Sea killer whale), and Type D (Subantarctic killer whale). In the Northern Hemisphere, proposed types include resident killer whales, Biggs (transient) killer whales, offshore killer whales, and Type 1 and 2 Eastern North Atlantic killer whales.   Determining species of killer whales is important not only in gaining information about the whales but in protecting them- it is difficult to determine the abundance of killer whales without even knowing how many species there are. Killer Whales and Humans According to Whale and Dolphin Conservation, there were 45 killer whales in captivity as of April 2013. Due to protection in the U.S. and restrictions on trade, most parks now obtain their killer whales from captive breeding programs. This practice has even been controversial enough that SeaWorld stated in 2016 that it would stop breeding orcas.  While the viewing of captive orcas has likely inspired thousands of budding marine biologists and helped scientists learn more about the species, it is a controversial practice due to the potential effects on the whales health and ability to socialize naturally. Sources â€Å"Orcas: Killer Whales Are the Larges Dolphin Species.†Ã‚  Orcas (Killer Whales): Facts and Information, 25 Mar. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/o/orca/.NOAA. â€Å"Killer Whale.†Ã‚  NOAA Fisheries, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/killer-whale.â€Å"Orca.†Ã‚  National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Orca.

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Custom Essay Editing Custom Essay Editing Custom Essay Editing Well, you have done a great job writing your essay. Now it is time to move to essay editing. Do you feel tired of your assignment? Does it take too much of your time? What should you do when the deadline is approaching and you do not want your efforts lost in vain? You need professional essay editing services: Custom essay editing service is provided for students who want to ensure their essays are perfect in grammar, content, style, punctuation, format, and referencing. It is very simple: you turn to us, give us your written essay, provide instructions, and get a polished essay back by the specified deadline! Every person who goes through the painful process of essay writing knows the feeling of satisfaction which comes after the completion of any essay. Running a simply spell-check at the end of the writing process is not enough. There is a number of specific editing strategies our editors follow while working on your assignment. Custom Essay Editing Strategies Read your written essay aloud. While it many rather simple and even stupid, reading your essay aloud you have an opportunity to see the larger picture of your own writing. You can easily identify the problems in your written essay (too long or too short sentences; unfinished idea) Make sure all words/phrases/sentences are relevant One of the most serious problems students experiences while writing essays is the decision to meet the word limit by integrated irrelevant ideas and thoughts into the essay. Do not do that mistake! Read your essay very attentive to delete all irrelevant information. If you find irrelevant information, you need to conduct a research to fill in the remaining space. Use precise, clear, and understandable language. Do not try to impress your teacher with your knowledge of lengthy, complicated, or scientific skills. Do not include the words the meaning of which is not known to you. If your teacher asks you to clarify the meaning of the specific word and you do not know what to reply, you are likely to fail. Avoid personal pronouns, unless it is required Yes, many students make this mistake. You should be very attentive not to use I, we or you in your essay writing, unless you are working on a personal essay and the use of personal pronouns is one of the initial requirements. Professional Custom Essay Editing If you do not want to spend long hours going through the above pieces of advice, you have a much easier solution: professional custom essay editing service. All you need to do is to send us your essay and our professional editors will make it perfect! Read also: APA Style Research Paper Writing the Analysis Paper Writing a College Term Paper Sociology Paper Report Writing Help

Diversification for Coke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversification for Coke - Essay Example It also will help Coke to mitigate the risk of the overall business to a large extent as the diversification will help Coke to fall back on another business activity if their core business fails to reach up to the desired level. However, the disadvantages of diversification for Coke can be that it can slow up the progress in the core business segment, can also result in an increase of management related cost towards maintaining the newly diversified segment and can also increase intricacy in the bureaucratic level of the organization. Â  From the year 1990-1997, under the efficient leadership of Roberto C. Goizueta, Coke was able to achieve impressive growth record due to the way the entire process of brand-building was handled by the management. Coke’s business model was based on a successful formula of preparing carbonated soft drinks that appealed to the consumers throughout the world. However, since the passing away of its charismatic CEO in 1997, Coke has stumbled in its endeavor to rise up to the ensuing challenges of the ever-changing business scenario. The constant alterations in the tastes and preferences of the consumers especially towards noncarbonated soft drinks have been one of the banes in the way of progress for Coke. Coke has also faced increasing challenges due to their rigidity towards sticking to age-old beliefs and structures. The company has also lacked a clear vision towards making progress and sustaining progress.

Citical, structured report on fundamental marketing issues for Porsche Essay

Citical, structured report on fundamental marketing issues for Porsche automobile - Essay Example This was evidenced when the company produced a model, Porsche 911 which was among the most expensive and competitive cars ever produced in the automobile industry. It was manufactured for its customers who enjoy racing as well as status. Importantly, the organization builds three categories of cars, namely consumer models, racing models, and prototype cars. Out of all these models, the company produces more of racing cars than any other (Zoeller 2015). Because of this, the company’s primary marketing strategy is to produce cars that meet the needs of the wealthy customers. This makes it have a small market share because not all consumers can afford the cars, but at the same time increasing its profits (Zoeller 2015). The rest of the paper will discuss the Porsche Automobile marketing environment, marketing position, as well as the marketing mix. The report will conclude with the recommendation of ways the organization can increase its market share and continue its profitabilit y. Porsche Automobile has been in the market for the last eighty years, and this has given it a chance to gain brand recognition among its customers. Its high brand presence and reputation across the globe gives it the advantage. Secondly, the brand is preferred among the ultra-rich elites making the company to high price their models. Thirdly, the organization has few car models with a high range of variants making it have an advantage on brand extension. Fourthly, Porsche Automobile is a trusted brand for the provision of supreme style with sporty features. Moreover, the company has the popular brand in the racing and gaming industry and over 12,000 employees are ready to give support to customers (Company Spotlight: Porsche 2013). Porsche Automobile lacks presence in the middle-income segments despite their expansion at a higher rate (Taylor 2013). This makes the organization to loose on this market segment. Secondly, the very high maintenance cost in extremely

3M and its unique culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

3M and its unique culture - Essay Example The company is consistently developing new products that is set up with inter-actions with customers and at the same time creating a culture that promotes employee pride and well-being, encourages integrity, and supporting social and environment development. Systems established to institutionalize this culture among employees 3M has set aside a budget that exceeds $1 billion annually for research and development to support innovation. 3M allowed employees to do their work in their own way. The management believed that as their business expands, it becomes necessary to delegate responsibilities to workers and to encourage them to exercise their initiatives. To date, 3M has over 50,000 products that were developed through constant research and innovation. Some well known products are the sandpaper, Scotch tape, Scotchguard fabric protector, Post-it Notes, O-CelO sponges, asthma inhalers, medical and dental adhesives, and plastic sheeting. Drawbacks on such culture. In allowing employee s to experiment on their ideas, failures and mistakes cannot be avoided. But when this happens, 3M does not punish the employees because by doing so, initiatives of personnel are dampened; and they consider people with initiatives important in the organization in order to grow. Drawbacks also consist of time and expense.

Cross-Cultural Management - Davinci Apps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cross-Cultural Management - Davinci Apps - Essay Example Italy is a masculine society that is highly success oriented and competitive. The society believes in winner attitude and children are taught to compete in the world right from school. So, competition among employees of companies is also high, which facilitates organizational development to a great extent. On comparing masculinity factor of Italy and UK, it is observed that the society of UK is less masculine compared to that of Italy. This signifies that there are higher competition and stress upon success within the Italians, which help them to achieve greater success. The manager needs to become more goal-oriented and be confident of successfully providing cultural training in Italy. Her motivation will be able to direct her toward the success of the training program and DaVinci Apps, as a whole. This particular dimension relates to the way in which society deals with uncertain situations in future. This dimension measures whether or not one should control occurrences of the futur e. It is noticed that different cultures have the capability to deal with uncertain situations in own unique ways. Hence, this indicates the degree to which members of a particular society is threatened by unknown situations. Italy scores high in avoiding uncertainty, which implies that the Italians are not at all comfortable in encountering uncertain situations. It is noted that formality is quite necessary. The civil and penal code of Italy is very complicated with a number of clauses and codicil.

Strategic Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Models - Essay Example The balanced scorecard includes qualitative insights in addition to quantitative measures like financial statements to give the decision makers a bird's eye view of the past health and also the future course of action of the company. While financial measures like Return on Investment, sales and profit values, continue to be critical, new units like quality measures (warrantee/replacement/return/refund costs), employee skill and satisfaction measures (attrition/training/redeployment cost), future growth measures (R&D costs) are also taken into account. Wells Fargo and company is a diversified financial services company based at San Francisco, California and offers a range of financial products. The company has been termed as one of the safest banks in the world. (The World's Safest Banks 2007, October 2007) Wells Fargo bank used Balanced Score Card to identify its future growth path. Within 3 years of implementing the insights it got from a BSC, it was voted as the best online bank. As a result of the BSC, it increased its customer base by 4.5 times, and also decreased its cost per customer by as much as 22%. Additionally, it was able to add over 750,000 online customers over a 2 year period. (Beiman I. and Johnson J.C., n.d.) The conventional manufacturing strategy model states that there i... (San Francisco, February2001) Wells Fargo bank used Balanced Score Card to identify its future growth path. Within 3 years of implementing the insights it got from a BSC, it was voted as the best online bank. As a result of the BSC, it increased its customer base by 4.5 times, and also decreased its cost per customer by as much as 22%. Additionally, it was able to add over 750,000 online customers over a 2 year period. (Beiman I. and Johnson J.C., n.d.) Strategic Models - 2 Sand Cone Model: (Ferdows & De Meyer) Introduction The conventional manufacturing strategy model states that there is a trade-off among the four basic manufacturing capabilities- Quality, Dependability, Speed and Cost, unless there is slack in any one of the capabilities. However, the Sand Cone model proposed by Ferdows and De Meyer suggests that there is a hierarchical relationship amongst the four given capabilities. While from a short term perspective, advance in one of the capabilities may require the decision maker to trade off any one or more of the capabilities, it is indeed possible to achieve excellence in all the four capabilities in an hierarchical, staged manner. In order to create a long term manufacturing capability, the decision makers should aim to enhance quality of the manufactured items. Once this drive has achieved a set of milestones, the dependability of the manufacturing system has to be taken care of. Once these two capabilities have been assimilated, the next capability requiring attention would be flexibility, or reaction speed. Finally, once these three capabilities have been fixed, the decision makers should strive to achieve cost reduction. If this flow is maintained, it is possible for a

Penetrating testing techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Penetrating testing techniques - Research Paper Example This article will analyze some of these modern computer attacks, how they happen and ways of mitigating them. A DDoS attack is an ill attempt to make a network or server resource unavailable to users, often through disrupting or suspending the services of a connected host from the internet. The DDoS attack can be achieved by two main ways. First, the attacker, using malware or Trojan can take over several computers on the internet, creating a botnet in the process. Secondly, the attacker then controls the affected computers and makes them attack simultaneously the target thus achieving their initial goal (Gu & Liu, 2007). The DDoS attacks can be resolved, mainly through the incorporation of blocking and detection mechanisms, that apply even during the spoofed attacks, when attacker profiles and identities are constantly changing. Others include, giving more complete capabilities of verification than either IDS signatures or static routers filters can provide. Prevent dependence on configuration changes or network device resources. In-built intelligence processes being infused with only contaminated traffic packets that would guarantee minimum scaling costs and maximum reliance. Implement procedures for communication standards to help guarantee maximum reliability and interoperability. Blocking and identifying individual spoofed packages to guard genuine business transactions (Patel & Patel, 2014). TCP session, or session hijacking, is generally a means of taking over a session of a web user by obtaining surreptitiously the session Id and pretending to be the official session user. Once accessed, the invader can pretend to be the official user and freely access and manipulate data as they please. Hackers popularly use routed IP packets from the original source to hijack a session. Through re-routing the communication to go through his computer, he can communicate with the different machines simultaneously. An effective example of such

Strategic Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Models - Essay Example The balanced scorecard includes qualitative insights in addition to quantitative measures like financial statements to give the decision makers a bird's eye view of the past health and also the future course of action of the company. While financial measures like Return on Investment, sales and profit values, continue to be critical, new units like quality measures (warrantee/replacement/return/refund costs), employee skill and satisfaction measures (attrition/training/redeployment cost), future growth measures (R&D costs) are also taken into account. Wells Fargo and company is a diversified financial services company based at San Francisco, California and offers a range of financial products. The company has been termed as one of the safest banks in the world. (The World's Safest Banks 2007, October 2007) Wells Fargo bank used Balanced Score Card to identify its future growth path. Within 3 years of implementing the insights it got from a BSC, it was voted as the best online bank. As a result of the BSC, it increased its customer base by 4.5 times, and also decreased its cost per customer by as much as 22%. Additionally, it was able to add over 750,000 online customers over a 2 year period. (Beiman I. and Johnson J.C., n.d.) The conventional manufacturing strategy model states that there i... (San Francisco, February2001) Wells Fargo bank used Balanced Score Card to identify its future growth path. Within 3 years of implementing the insights it got from a BSC, it was voted as the best online bank. As a result of the BSC, it increased its customer base by 4.5 times, and also decreased its cost per customer by as much as 22%. Additionally, it was able to add over 750,000 online customers over a 2 year period. (Beiman I. and Johnson J.C., n.d.) Strategic Models - 2 Sand Cone Model: (Ferdows & De Meyer) Introduction The conventional manufacturing strategy model states that there is a trade-off among the four basic manufacturing capabilities- Quality, Dependability, Speed and Cost, unless there is slack in any one of the capabilities. However, the Sand Cone model proposed by Ferdows and De Meyer suggests that there is a hierarchical relationship amongst the four given capabilities. While from a short term perspective, advance in one of the capabilities may require the decision maker to trade off any one or more of the capabilities, it is indeed possible to achieve excellence in all the four capabilities in an hierarchical, staged manner. In order to create a long term manufacturing capability, the decision makers should aim to enhance quality of the manufactured items. Once this drive has achieved a set of milestones, the dependability of the manufacturing system has to be taken care of. Once these two capabilities have been assimilated, the next capability requiring attention would be flexibility, or reaction speed. Finally, once these three capabilities have been fixed, the decision makers should strive to achieve cost reduction. If this flow is maintained, it is possible for a

The Debate Over Standard English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Debate Over Standard English - Essay Example This paper illustrates that students have to be taught something, and so Standard English has become a way of attempting to overcome the differences which are, in reality, an inevitable part of language use. This standardization presents two linguistic problems. The first is that there is no one form of English which has officially been taken as standard. The second is that even were such an agreement to exist, any form of English is constantly subject to changes in usage by the people who use it. Â  It is first necessary to explore and challenge current issues present in the definition of Standard English. Trask puts forward some useful key points which he considers fundamental in the definition of Standard English. The first is that ‘Standard English itself is not quite uniform: for example,e there are detectable differences between standard American and standard British English’. These differences, although they do not inhibit understanding between speakers, are clea r evidence of the fallacy of a standard English. Indeed, it is necessary to speak not of ‘English’ but rather of Englishes. The use of this plural in a number of critical works on the subject is already clear evidence that standard English is an unsuitable term. Gilsdorf is more emphatic in underlining the differences in standard English than Trask. Trask plays down this difference, while Gilsdorf states that ‘English, of course, is multiple Englishes. We are familiar with the U.S.’s regional dialects and to some degree with British English, Australian English, and Irish English, and perhaps a few others. Differences can be considerable’. To say that standard English is ‘not quite uniform’, therefore, is somewhat of an understatement.

Decriminalizing Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Decriminalizing Prostitution Essay The oldest profession in the world, also known as, prostitution is one of the most controversial debates that many people have. Should it be legal, should it be illegal, are the women just selling their bodies because they have low self-esteem? Well, let’s discuss the pros and cons to decriminalizing prostitution. Where brothels are present and their outcome of business. Let’s focus on the positive side of decriminalizing prostitution, as mentioned one of the pros would be that it can be an economic means to a person in need of financial assistance. Just like every other job prostitution is a way of making a living, you have supply and demand, just as a cable man will come to your house and fix your T. V. a prostitute will give that companion to the person needing it. A second pro would be that it can minimize human trafficking, usually when something is illegal or inaccessible we want it more, making any means necessary to achieve it, this is true for human traffickers that sell humans for various reasons, mainly sex. If we can already make humans readily available for intimate reasons than we can naturally see trafficking coming to a halt. Another pro I can see with decriminalizing prostitution is reduction in violence within the prostitute community. Many prostitutes are raped, abused, and murdered. If we were to help protect these workers then maybe they would be less afraid to seek help from the police and the police would better protect them. Because prostitution is illegal many prostitutes that are raped or otherwise abused aren’t going to the police for fear that they will be arrested. The final pro is if we decriminalize prostitution then both the Johns and the prostitutes would have to get monthly checks for AIDS/HIV and all other STD’s. Enforcing this might ensure that we are putting an end to spreading diseases across the nation. We have discussed some pros now let’s discuss some cons, I can’t see many cons with decriminalizing prostitution but one of them would be the moral aspect of it. I can see how many crimes against these women would become a problem within society. Prostitution is seen as wrong and immoral, so I am not sure if a sex work professional would ever be seen as a the same as a teacher, CEO, or banker. The last con I can see is that the drug industry would sky rocket, as more and more prostitutes are trading sexual favors for drugs, I can see that drugs would now be spread more vastly across the plains. Just as corrupt as any company could be, prostitution and drugs are commonly known to be a hand in hand occurrence. This could become a problem in the future for police officials to get a hold of if taken out of control and not monitored correctly. In the United States there is only one state where prostitution is legal, which is Nevada. There are only 17 counties in Nevada that allow brothels in their counties, any county that exceeds 400,000 residents are not allowed to have a brothel. While it is a high paying profession and due to the recession it has seen its bad days, prostitution in Nevada is still a very popular and highly sought out job because of its high pay day. The working girls in a brothel have to be tested once a week for STD’s such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, and once a month for AIDS and HIV. They must also use a condom for ALL transactions and report their tax earnings to the county, so basically the county is their pimp. At the end of the day whether it is moral or not, it is the choice of the men and women who are choosing to sell themselves for money. We should not judge those who chose that profession as a means of making ends meet. Many people do what they have to do to provide for themselves and their families. There are prostitutes who do it solely for the money, some to upkeep their drug habits and some because they just plainly like sex.

Preventing Accidents on Construction Sites

Preventing Accidents on Construction Sites This chapter investigates the health and safety measures that are currently in place to reduce accidents and injuries on construction sites. In order to prevent accidents in construction it is not just a matter of setting up a list of rules and making safety inspections, although both of these have their place (Holt, 2001). Holt (2001) suggests that a system for managing health and safety is required that meets the needs of the business and complies with the law. This chapter intends to identify these strategies used and highlight the benefits to the industry in implementing them. The most important overall method is to implement the CDM regulations 2007 successfully, however within these regulations there are specific measures that can provide better results. The HSE concluded in ‘Blackspot Construction’ that 70% of the deaths on construction sites could have been prevented by positive action by managers within the industry (Joyce, 2001). The general principles of prevention as stated in regulation 7 of the CDM regulations 2007 are as follows: i. Every person on whom a duty is placed by these Regulations in relation to the design, planning and preparation of a project shall take account of the general principles of prevention in the performance of those duties during all stages of the project. ii. Every person on whom a duty is placed by these Regulations in relation to the construction phase of a project shall ensure so far as is reasonably practicable that the general principles of prevention are applied in the carrying out of the construction work. Welfare Facilities The provision for health, safety and welfare of workers involved on construction sites was not included in the CDM Regulations 1994 as it was the responsibility of the CHSW 1996; however these regulations have now been revoked by the CDM regulations 2007. These regulations set out the requirements for the provision of welfare facilities to be provided by the contractors as it has recently been recognized that the health and safety of workers is directly affected by their personal welfare (Joyce, 2007). The provision of high welfare facilities is likely to reduce the number of accidents and injuries on construction sites as it promotes recruitment, good morale and employee retention. These reasons alone should be sufficient justification for the investment in welfare facilities which should encourage the client and contractors to ensure that they are provided on construction sites from the outset to an acceptable level. Without the provision of welfare facilities workers are likely to be cold, overheated, dirty, dehydrated and uncomfortable (Joyce, 2007), this in turn will have an effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of their work undertaken creating an unsafe environment to themselves and their fellow workers. The provision of welfare facilities can be seen as an important measure to reduce accidents on construction sites; however the contractors must ensure that they are cleaned and maintained throughout the entire duration of the construction work in order to achieve their full benefit to the industry. Education and Training Education and training plays a very important part in the reduction of accidents on construction sites which is a legal requirement under the Management of Health and Safety at Work regulations 1999 as well as more recently the CDM regulations 2007. It is the responsibility of the employer to provide such training during recruitment, at inductions or when being exposed to new or increased risks (Hughes Ferret 2007). The levels of education and training required covers a wide range of information such as specific company health and safety policies, risk assessments, method statements, safety procedures, good practice and legal requirements (Hughes Ferret 2005). It is evident that providing essential information through a high level of education and training will enable employees to carry out tasks with limited supervision, this in turn should reduce the likelihood of health and safety risks and therefore help reduce the number of accidents and injuries within the construction industry. Construction Skills Certification Scheme (CSCS) The Construction Skills Certification scheme has been set up to help improve the general quality of workmanship as well as to reduce accidents and injuries occurring on construction sites. This CSCS scheme helps to ensure that competent workers are registered within the construction industry, which is currently the largest scheme within the construction industry which covers over 220 different occupations. As a result of this these cards are becoming increasingly demanded throughout, in particular by clients and contractors in order for workers to provide proof of their occupational competence and therefore gain access onto construction sites throughout the UK. This scheme has been supported by construction authorities such as the Major Contractors Group (MCG), National Contractors Federation (NCF) and the Major Home Builders Group (MHG) as it shows they have passed the CITB – Construction Skills Health and Safety Test. If these cards are made mandatory as a standard requirement within the construction industry then it will ensure that the general health and safety awareness of construction workers on construction sites with regards to health and safety risks will significantly improve, therefore more than likely reduce the number of accidents and fatalities within the industry. http://www.citb.org.uk/cardschemes/whatcardschemesareavailable/certificationschemes/cscs.asp Competence Assessments The CDM regulations 2007 have highlighted the increased awareness that the employment of competent workers is likely to reduce the number of accidents within the construction industry. This is evident from the increased vigour of worker competence assessments that are required before a work operative can start work. Competence assessments are carried out in order to assess whether a person is suited to carry out a job which is a method used to reduce accident on construction sites. It is the author’s opinion that competent people are more aware of health and safety risks surrounding them which they can therefore deal with before an accident occurs. The level of competence required is proportionate to the risks arising from the construction work (Joyce, 2007) which is stated in the ACoP so no work undertaken should be carried out by an unable worker. The term competence is not defined in the CDM regulations however a definition made during a civil court case in 1962 sates that a competent person is: A person with practical and theoretical knowledge as well as sufficient experience of the particular machinery, plant or procedure involved to enable them to identify defects or weaknesses during plant and machinery examinations, and to assess their importance in relation to the strength and function of that plant and machinery. The concept of confidence underpins the CDM regulations 2007 because no duty holder can be appointed unless they are competent themselves, this is required by regulation 4(1)(a): No person on whom these Regulations place a duty shall appoint or engage a CDM co-coordinator, designer, principal contractor or contractor unless he has taken steps to ensure that the person to be appointed or engaged is competent. In order to prevent incompetent people assessing the competence of others, the CDM regulations set out a statement in regulation 4(1)(b): No person on whom these Regulations place a duty shall accept an appointment or engagement unless he is competent. The introduction of the CDM Regulations 2007 clearly shows that competence assessment is an important measure to prevent accident on construction sites and must be implemented further if these measures are to be highly successful. Designing to reduce risks The introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 has provided a bigger emphasis on designing out risks in the planning stage of construction projects. Increased responsibility has been placed on designers as a result of the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 to eliminate hazards before they have chance to occur. Holt (2001) suggests that the method of prevention to remove the risk of a hazard at the design stage is likely to be more effective than to establish a control strategy, especially as it would rely on people to work in the correct way which is not always likely to happen. An example of this may be for a designer to prevent from specifying fragile roofing materials which could present the opportunity for people to fall through. In the event of a designer unable to completely eliminate health and safety risks at the design stage, then the design and specification can still make a significant difference to actions carried out on site. It should emphasize ways in which work should be carried out in order to provide minimal health and safety risks to workers. The extra time spent that may result from a more detailed design process should be repaid through savings of time and money, and possibly lives throughout the construction process (Holt, 2001). Communication The variety of measures in place in order to reduce accidents and fatalities on construction sites which are evident from the ongoing literature review throughout this chapter. The successfulness of these measures however is dependant on effective communication, particularly when implementing training and education as it will dramatically improve work operatives understanding of health and safety risks. Hughes and Ferret (2007) suggest that many problems regarding health and safety on construction sites is a result of poor communication between management and the workforce within an organization, this often arises from ambiguities or possible accidental distortion. There are 3 basic methods of communicating health and safety information within the construction industry identified by Hughes Ferret (2007) as verbal, written and graphic. The most common of these methods is verbal communication via speech or word of mouth, this type of communication should only be used when providing simple instructions or information generally during meetings or training sessions, these are generally known as ‘tool box’ talks. In order for the implementation of verbal communication to be successful, the spokesperson needs to ensure that the messages they are trying to relay are clear and prevent confusion, the receiver should then demonstrate some form of understanding in order to prove they clear on what is expected of them before undertaking any work. This method of accident prevention can have its drawbacks and be a regular cause of accidents on construction sites if a verbal instruction has not been understood. Hughes and Ferret (2007) suggest that this may be as a result of a number of factors such as language and dialect barriers, use of technical language and abbreviations, background noise and distractions, hearing problems, ambiguities in the message, mental weaknesses and learning disabilities, lack of interest and attention. Despite the potential limitations that exist with verbal communications, there are also a number of benefits that it brings to construction sites if carried out successfully. Communication in this manner is less formal, enables the exchange of information to take place quickly and can be carried out close to the workplace (Hughes Ferret, 2007). Written communication involves the use of emails, reports, notice boards etc. in order to communicate information regarding health and safety. Potential problems involved with this form of communication are that the language used may be difficult to understand and affect the level of comprehension. Detailed reports may not be read properly due to time constraints and notice boards may be positioned in the wrong places with out of date and irrelevant information. The main benefit of using written communication, in particular emails, is that it provides a quicker method to ensure that messages get to all the people that may be concerned which is an important measure which could be implemented further to reduce accidents on construction sites (Hughes Ferret, 2007). Graphical communication is carried out through the use of photographs, drawings, posters and videos. This type of communication is often used to inform workers of health and safety information such as fire exits and HS propaganda. This is regarded as being a relatively effective method of communication as it has no barriers with regards to language or dialect and displays a simple message that can be remembered. The potential limitations regarding this procedure is that the graphics may very quickly become out of date or in the case of posters, be ignored (Hughes Ferret). Improvements in Technology A key measure in which to reduce accidents on construction sites is through the use of up to date technologies. This view is supported by (reference) who suggests that new technologies in construction sites are not only likely to help prevent accidents and injuries on construction sites but also improve the overall efficiency of construction projects. This view is also supported by Holt (2001) who suggests that keeping up to date with new technology can bring an added benefit to the industry and generally improve site conditions. The introduction of new technology may be in the form of improved software, software often gets up-graded quickly with new and improved packages that should be installed to benefit the industry. It may also involve improvements in technology such as the new Blackberry; this can incorporate cell phone capability and email connectivity into a single device that will benefit employers relaying safety messages quickly and directly to employees on site, therefore improving coordination between site operatives. New technology may also be in the form of site equipment and plant, for instance the use of mechanical systems such as hoists and lifts should be replaced instead of manual operations, this is not only likely to increase productivity on site but also prevent the likelihood of injuries such as back problems. The introduction of improved technologies into construction sites in an attempt to reduce accidents and injures is largely dependant on the level of training that accompanies it. Employers must be aware that productivity on site may not be at its peak during the period of change as new software and equipment requires training and adjustments to that of old technologies. However, if sufficient training is provided to accompany the new technology and software then employees will be able to harness the power of new technologies and provide numerous benefits to the construction industry. Risks Assessments Risk assessments are an important measure used to reduce HS risks on construction sites, they are a legal requirement of many HS legislations during the planning stage of a project so that plans can be put in place to control potential risks as assessed in Chapter 2 of this study. A risk assessment involves an examination of the potential risks that may cause harm to people which cannot be avoided through the design process of a project, the risk assessments should only identify the significant risks that apply to the construction project and ignore the trivial risks that are not likely to result in an accident or fatality. They are carried out in order for organisations to establish whether they have taken enough precautions or to identify if they could do more to prevent the likelihood of an accident or fatality on the construction site (HSE, 2006a). Risk assessments are used to decide on priorities and set objectives for eliminating hazards and reducing risks, if this is possible it is usually through selection and design of facilities, equipment and processes. However if they cannot be eliminated they are minimised by the use of physical controls or, as a last resort, through systems of work and personal protective equipment (Hughes Ferrett, 2007). ‘A hazard is something with potential to cause harm. The harm will vary in severity some hazards may cause death, some serious illness or disability, others only cuts and bruises. A Risk is the combination of the severity of harm with the likelihood of it happening.’ http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg275.pdf Hughes and Ferrett (2007) identifies two basic forms of risk assessments, these are ‘quantitative’, which involves risks given a numerical value and ‘qualitative’ which is the most common form of risk assessment in the construction industry which is based purely on personal judgement and then quantified as being either high, medium or low risk in terms of its severity. The HSE (2006a) identified the following 5 key steps in order to asses the risk in a workplace: Step 1: Identify the hazards Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions Step 4: Record your findings and implement them Step 5: Review your assessment and update if necessary If these steps are followed by every construction organisation throughout the UK then it will make a big difference to reducing the number of accidents and fatalities on construction sites which is regarded as being the principal aim of risk assessments, this aim however is also dependant on the competence of people carrying out the risk assessment and also the communication of their findings. An example of a risk assessment form can be seen in Appendix 2. Health and Safety Culture HSE publication HSG 65, Successful Health and Safety Management Health and Safety Inductions Health and Safety Policies Health and Safety Policies are an important measure that are required by law for every organisation to produce. The can play a key role in reducing accidents and fatalities on construction sites. They have been assessed in greater detail in chapter 2, section 8.4. Managing Risks during construction The introduction of the CDM regulations have also placed more emphasis on managing risks during construction in order to target the high level of accidents and fatalities on construction sites. This measure involves creating a well established management system that controls the potential risks faced during a construction project and deciding what should be done about them. This may involve giving collective protective measures priority over individual measures to provide the biggest benefit to the health and safety of everyone involved. This may involve removing hazardous dust by exhaust ventilation rather than providing a filtering respirator to an individual worker (Rowlinson, 2004). It is therefore the role of a manager, such as the principal contractor to assess the most appropriate protective measures to use during the construction process and ensure that people under his command abide by these management decisions. Managing risks during construction may also be in the form of giving appropriate instructions to employees. This may involve making sure that all employees are fully aware of specific company policies, risk assessments, method statements, safety procedures, good practice, official guidance, and any legal requirements that they must follow (Holt, 2001). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) It is the opinion of (make up a reference) that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should only be used as a control measure as a last resort to try to reduce accidents and fatalities on construction sites. This is due to the fact that it does not eliminate the hazard and will present the wearer with the maximum health and safety risk if the equipment fails. Hughes and Ferrett (2007) identify a number of limitations as to why PPE should only be used as a last resort such as the equipment only protects the person wearing it and doesn’t take into account the effects the risk may have on others working nearby; it relies on people wearing the equipment at all times which people do not often do; it must be used properly which requires training, this could result in a loss of time and productivity and it must be replaced when it no longer offers the appropriate levels of protection. Aside from these limitations the use of PPE still provides certain benefits to the industry and is an important measure to reduce, or at least prevent the level of accidents on construction sites. PPE enables workers to have immediate protection to allow a job to continue; in an emergency it can be the only practicable way of effecting rescue or shutting down plant; and it can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are impracticable (Hughes Ferrett, 2007). The Construction Phase Plan The Health and Safety File The Construction Phase Plan and The Health and Safety File which were introduced by the CDM regulations both help to reduce accidents and injuries on construction sites. They have been discussed previously in Chapter 1, Section 7.2 in greater detail on the positive impacts they have on the construction industry. It is the opinion of the author that these measures to reduce accidents on construction sites should be reviewed periodically to ensure that they are still effective and to introduce new improvements to these measures. In the event of a serious accident or incident occurring on a construction site, then an immediate review of the risk control measures in place should be carried out to identify the problem and why it occurred. Cost of implementation of the CDM regulations 2007 The HSC has claimed that the CDM regulations are likely to save the construction industry  £2.7 billion, through reduced bureaucracy and a further benefit to the construction industry by up to  £3.2 billion by reduced loss of working time (Joyce, 2007), this however is likely to be the best case scenario, the HSC concluded that in the worst case scenario the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 could cost the construction industry  £660 million (Joyce, 2007). The financial cost of implementing these measures of prevention through the CDM regulations may be regarded as costly to the industry; however it is the authors opinion the benefit of implementing theses regulations successfully and reducing the number of fatalities and accidents on construction sites is a small price to pay as it benefits the industry as a whole by the factors outlined below. This view is supported by Robert E McKee who commented that â€Å"Safety is, without doubt, the most crucial investment we can make, And the question is not what it costs us, but what it saves†. 4.6 Benefits of accident prevention The measures identified in section 4.1 above highlight the main factors that can assist in preventing accidents and fatalities on construction sites. The implementations of measures to prevent accidents are extremely worthwhile as they provide a number of benefits to the construction industry which are discussed below. 6.6.1 Cost in human suffering The cost in human suffering, physical pain and hardship resulting from death and disability is impossible to quantify (Holt, 2001). The accident and fatality statistics analyzed in chapter 3 provide the author with background knowledge that there are an alarming amount of accidents and fatalities within the construction industry each year. This is likely to have had a significant impact on the lives of workers and their families causing a considerable amount of disruption. This is one of the major reasons why these statistics need to be reduced and try to achieve a safer construction industry. 6.6.2 Moral Moral reasons stem from a developing public awareness that something needs to be done to raise the quality of life within the construction industry (Holt, 2001). It is becoming increasingly evident that the safety of workers within the construction industry is being put at risks for reasons such as potential increased profits. It is of the author’s opinion that this is morally wrong and should be prevented which in turn will benefit the construction industry as a result of fewer accidents. In order to increase workers moral within the industry (Holt, 2001) workers should be actively involved in accident prevention programmes, this is likely to increase the productivity of work and prevent weakened worker moral through a reduction in accidents on site. 6.6.3 Legal Legal reasons are contained in state law, which details steps to be taken and objectives to be met, and which carries the threat of prosecution or other enforcement action as a consequence of failure to comply (Holt, 2001). The prevention of fatalities is likely to reduce legal action faced by organizations which in turn is likely to reduce cost in terms of money and adverse publicity as there will be a reduction in the number of workers able to gain compensation. 6.6.4 Financial The benefit of accident prevention is likely to have a significant impact on financial reasons which will ensure the continuing financial health of a business and avoid the costs associated with accidents (Holt, 2001). These costs can be both direct cost such as production delays which include the cost of compensation as well as indirect costs such as management time spent on investigations and fines. Conclusion of chapter The analysis of measures to reduce accident and fatalities on construction sites along with the benefits that these measures bring, highlight the fact that a good safety record and document safety management systems can more than repay the time spent of achieving it. A reduction in accidents and fatalities through increased measures to prevent them will significantly reduce the problems identified in section 6.6 and therefore significantly benefit the construction industry as a whole. This chapter highlights many control systems and mechanisms that are in place to decrease the chances of accident and injuries within the construction industry, however Chapter Four: Methodology This chapter discusses the different methodological approaches for this study and expands on the outline methodology highlighted in chapter 1. Detailed accounts of the specific research strategies are also examined, highlighting the methods used to analyze and interpret the data collected. Each question chosen for the questionnaire will be examined stating why it was chosen, what it hoped to achieve, and how it relates to the research aim and objectives. Finally, the location of the study and methodological restrictions are also considered. Approach Several methodologies to assess the effectiveness, success and problems of CDM regulations have been used in the past, notably sample groups, influence network models, case studies and statistical analysis (reference). The case study approach analyses a very small number of duty holders using semi-structured surveys, and over a number of periods (e.g. quote people and times). Although this methodology can be detailed, results can be extremely unrepresentative. Resultantly, the sample group methodology was chosen for this study, which follows the same layout, but with a much larger number of duty holders. Academics such as (reference) and (reference) have used this type of methodology in the past. The sample group methodology was most appropriate for this study, as data was needed from multiple different duty holders in order to make comparisons and generalizations. Using influence network models was deemed less appropriate than a sample technique as this tended to concentrate on influences for poor health and safety rather than the effectiveness of the CDM Regulations 2007. Criteria for evaluating effectiveness In order to gain useful information it was important to understand what the outcome would be compared to (Moore, 2000), therefore, at this stage the ultimate outcome for measuring the effectiveness of the revised CDM regulations would be to measure the impact they have had on accident statistics on construction sites. This measure however takes a long period of time for changes to manifest themselves and enable a comparison to that of the CDM regulations 1994. As the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007 only came into force in April 2007, a number of different measures have been implemented throughout this study in order to measure the early effectiveness of the new CDM regulations. Table 7.1 below shows the steps taken with the required source of evidence to indicate that an early impact has been made. Effectiveness means the capability of producing an effect (www.wikepidia.org) and in this case, it can be assumed that with reference to this study the intended effect of the CDM regulations is to reduce accident statistics on construction sites. Table 7.1 Impact outcome of the revised CDM Regulations Step Outcome measure Indicative evidence of outcome 1 Duty holder awareness that CDM regulations have been revised Events and articles to launch the revised CDM Regulations 2 Duty holder obtains information about revised CDM Regulations Sales and downloads of the revised CDM regulations and guidance material 3 Duty holder acts internally on contents of revised CDM regulations Duty holder acknowledges clarity in the regulations and better known what is expected of them 4 Improvements in management and design practice appear Positive duty holder views on the improved flexibility in the fit of the revised CDM regulations to a wide range of contractual arrangements. Improved information flow including from the clients. Improved competence assessments. Improved communication, cooperation and coordination between duty holders. Improved health and safety files. Reduced bureaucracy and paperwork. Clients committed to ensuring the safe management of projects. Coordinators are perceived as adding value. 5 Improvements in risk management through good design apparent in specifications and drawings. More on-site hazards are eliminated and thus appear less frequently on drawings / specifications. More resid

The Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield Essay

The Catcher in the Rye - Character Analysis of Holden Caufield In J.D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caufield, describes in detail the parts of his life and his environment that bother him the most. He faces these problems with a kind of naivety that prevents him from fully understanding why it is that he is so depressed. His life revolves around his problems, and he seems helpless in evading them. Among others, Holden finds himself facing the issues of acceptance of death, growing up, and his own self-destructiveness. One of the hardships Holden must cope with is his inability to come to terms with death, in particular that of his younger brother, Allie. Holden seems to have experienced a rather happy and carefree childhood; he lived with his siblings, Phoebe and Allie, and had his older brother D.B. to look up to. Then Holden suddenly is faced with the realization that he has to grow up, and learn to live without Allie. The initial reaction is painful; Holden breaks his hand in a fit of emotion soon after the death. By the time Holde...

The Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Management

INTRODUCTION It is important to note that business ethics and CSR go hand in hand. In order to understand CSR, one must also understand ethics. Also, a socially responsible firm should also be an ethical firm and an ethical firm should also be a socially responsible firm. However, one might wonder as to why business ethics and CSR receive so much importance. Researchers are making it increasingly clear that the two concepts are essential for long term sustainability of an organisation. In today’s highly competitive business environment, business ethics and CSR are no more an option but a necessary practice activity for all organisations. Therefore, business ethics and CSR continue to be important to organisations and strong ethical value shall take a organisation a long way forward. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS ETHICS * 2. *1. 1 DEFINITION OF BUSINESS ETHICS Definitions of ethics abound. These include among others: The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and right and wrong or with moral duty and obligation (Hurn, 2008). Hurn (2008) testifies that ethics is also considered as the study of â€Å"human duty in its wider sense†, underlining the common thread of the recognition of obligation and acceptance of responsibility for how one's actions would impact on other people. However, Seital (2001) as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005) defines ethics as the values that guide a person, organization, or society and the differences between right and wrong, fairness and unfairness, honesty and dishonesty. From another point of view Sutherland and Canwell (1997) as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005) define ethics as â€Å" a particular code of behaviour, which to most people is considered to be a morally correct approach†. Cutlip et al. (2001) propose that an individual’s conduct is not only measured against ones conscious but also against some norm of acceptability that has been determined by the society, the profession or the organisation, as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005). It is generally agreed that ethical principles are devised mainly from the undamental beliefs and value systems developed within a culture, such as religious beliefs, traditions, importance of the family structure, national identity and cohesion (Hurn, 2008). From my understanding, ethics attempts to tell us what is and what is not morally acceptable within a particular society or culture and how people ought to behave towards each other in various contexts, including busine ss. According to Trezise (1996), Business ethics tries to answer the question: â€Å"What is the role and function of business in society†? In doing so it explores the difference between ethical values in the private, economic and political spheres of human activity, and does this by borrowing eclectically from law, philosophy, economics, politics, history and psychology. However, Hurn (2008) believes that Business ethics, therefore, can be defined as the application of moral and ethical considerations in a business setting. Furthermore, Nisberg (1988) as cited by (Kilcullen and Kooistra, 1999) defines business ethics as â€Å"as a set of principles that guides business practices to reflect a concern for society as a whole while pursuing profits†. text:list-item} There are mainly three types of Business Ethics which would affect the organisation in one way or the other. The different types of ethics, each bringing a different outcome to an organisation is such as: Social ethics: an approach that came from Greek society and is based on the Greeks’ idea of basic rules for civilized living, but which is differ ent from one group or society to another. In other words, organization A may have different ethics to organization B by virtue of a different set of values and/or principles (Orme and Ashton, 2008). In short, it is likely to be based on a firm’s beliefs about the integrity and quality of the information provided. But the starting points for its ethical stances differ, according to a firm’s particular values or principles. These differences in approach are valuable in differentiating a particular company from its competitors in a difficult marketplace. Transcendental ethics: rely on the absolute concept of right and wrong and a sense of justice, which is applied equally regardless of any social, geographical or cultural restriction. The author claims that it is our view that organizations are moving towards this particular understanding of ethics, and that it represents the next phase of evolution for companies across the world. It involves taking some unpopular decisions that ultimately will have beneficial results in the long term. It relies on leaders being able to operate ethically (Orme and Ashton, 2008). 2. 1. 3 IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ETHICS Fisher (2003), states that the main reason for businesses to do the right thing is that the readers believe that good ethics is good for the bottom line. The workplace is a collection of different cultures that differs in their ethical behaviour. Therefore, organisations cannot afford to ignore ethics. Indeed ethics has been added to the corporate value of many organisations (Orme and Ashton, 2003). Business ethics helps generate trust between an organisation and its stakeholders (Holme, 2008). For example, while looking for a supplier, an organisation would rather work with one that has clear ethical values rather than a supplier who is known to be unethical. Therefore, the higher the level of trust with a supplier, the better the relationship hence the better the business. When a problem arises, that is when trust build up over a period of time really pays off . 2. 1. 4 BARRIERS OF BUSINESS ETHICS There are some areas of ethical dilemma which organisation will encounter during the practice of Business Ethics. The two main barriers an organisation may encounter are: Bribery and corruption Counterfeiting According to Hurn (2008), corruption is intrinsically immoral and at times downright criminal, causing harm to the economy, public life and individuals, and, if accepted, may encourage organized crime. Corruption can include: attempts to secure government or other contracts by bribery; payments because of extortion, blackmail and protection; facilitating government services that companies are entitled to receive but whose provision is delayed by excessive bureaucracy; and price-fixing. As a result of the spotlight on bribery and corruption, many companies have designed their own code of ethics. Their development has been strongly endorsed by K. Rushton, the Director of the London-based Institute of Business Ethics, as â€Å"a code of ethics underpins the values of any business. Without it a corporation will have no moral compass† (Hurn 2008). As confirmed by Hurn (2008), counterfeiting or the production of fake goods, which is the result of the theft of intellectual property, is another area of ethical concern in business. It can have the following effects: stealing jobs and revenue from legitimate producers; flooding the market with cheap counterfeit goods; potential health hazards for customers, e. g. fake pharmaceutical products, cigarettes, unsafe manufactured goods, e. g. tyres, toys and electrical goods.. With the barriers above, respect for the genuine brand drops when a large numbers of fakes are produced which leads to low performance by the organization. 2. 2 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Stewardship CSR – obligation towards those in need or affected by their company’s action Corroll (2001) as cited by Lantos, (2002) states that economic responsibilities includes being profitable for shareholders, while proving economic benefits to other corporate stakeholders, such as fair-paying jobs for employees and good quality, fairly-priced products for customers. Legal responsibilities involve conducting business legally. Ethical responsibilities go beyond the law by avoiding harm or social injury; respecting people’s moral rights; and doing what is right, just, fair (Smith and Quelch, 1993) as cited by (Lantos, 2002) and caring. Philanthropic responsibilities entail â€Å"giving back† time and money in the form of voluntary financial giving and service. However, Friedman (1996) as cited by Lantos (2002) famously argued that a corporation’s only social responsibility is its fiduciary duty to maximize shareholder wealth, while obeying the law and basic canons of ethics. Here, Friedman laid the groundwork for arguments against Carroll’s (2000) philanthropic responsibilities Lantos (2002) proposed that the confusion about the meaning and legitimacy of CSR could be clarified by suggesting three types of CSR, which are: Ethical CSR Altruistic CSR (Humanitarian CSR) Strategic CSR (Refer Appendix 3) Similarly, Lantos (2002) states that Ethical CSR is morally mandatory and goes beyond fulfilling a firm’s economic and legal obligations, to its ethical responsibilities to avoid harm or social injuries, even if the business might not appear to benefit from this. Hence, a corporation is morally responsible to any individual or group where it might inflict actual or potential injury from a particular course of action. Altruistic CSR relates to Corroll (2000)’s fourth type of CSR, Philanthropic Responsibility. These entail voluntarily â€Å"giving back† time and money to good works which contribute to the well-being of various societal stakeholders, even if this sacrifices part of the business’s profitability (no author, 2003). Philanthropic Responsibility- â€Å"giving back† time and money in the forms of voluntary service, voluntary association and voluntary giving – is where most of the controversy over the legitimacy of CSR lies. Lantos (2001) proposed that there are a number of arguments for Altruistic CSR. The most basic justification for humanitarian CSR is the social contract argument previously discussed. â€Å"Business is a major social institution that should bear the same kinds of citizenship costs for society that an individual citizen bears† (Davis, 1983) as cited by Lantos (2001). Furthermore, it is said that just as you and I have an obligation to take into consideration all of the parties that we directly and significantly affect, so too are businesses required to take into consideration all parties that they will affect. However, (no author, 2003) argues that from ethical perspective Altruistic CSR is immoral as it violates shareholder property rights, unjustly seizing stockholder wealth, and bestows benefits for the general welfare at the expenses of those for whom the firm should care in close relationships such as employees and customers. Furthermore, the author also states that corporation need not guiltily â€Å"give back† to society since a business pays taxes in return for any benefits it receives. Altruistic CSR, to me has a two face view as it may be unjust on one hand and at the same time it may do a great deed. However, I believe that no one is in the position to seize ones wealth and force one to sacrifice it. Strategic CSR is done to accomplish strategic business goals – good deeds are believed to be good for business as well as for society. With strategic CSR, corporations â€Å"give back† to their constituencies because they believe it to be in their best financial interests to do so. As cited by Lantos (2001) this is â€Å"philanthropy aligned with profit motives† (Quester and Thompson, 2001) – social goals might be profitable in the long run since market forces provide financial incentives for perceived socially responsible behavior. The greatest benefit of such activities to the firm lies in their marketing communications value and accrued goodwill among publics. Strategic CSR activity should improve corporate image and increase motivation and loyalty, primarily among employees and customers, but also with other key constituencies such as suppliers of marketing services and retailers. For instance, â€Å"socially responsible† firms like Ben & Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. , the Body Shop, and Tom’s of Maine have clearly benefited in immense goodwill from their good works, which means that, as Ben & Jerry’s mission statement tellingly reveals, â€Å"As we help others, we cannot help but help ourselves† (no author, 2003). Thus, corporations contribute to their constituencies not only because it is a kind and generous thing to do, but also because they believe it to be in their best financial interests to do so, thereby fulfilling their fiduciary responsibilities to the stockholders. Strategic CSR is moral and commendable because it benefits stockholders while helping other stakeholders. This not only minimizes harm to the firm’s image but also ensures that stockholders are not unknowingly fund activities that go against their own values. When volunteerism leads to higher employee morale and hence productivity gains, or contributes to the local community, gaining better quality recruits for the business, there is a â€Å"win-win† situation that benefits both the firm and its constituencies (no author, 2002). All the authors mentioned above have very strong point of view of their own, however I strongly be of the opinion that CSR would do best with just Ethical CSR and Strategic CSR, which cover a slight element of Philanthropic CSR. From my point of view Altruistic CSR is inequality to certain group that are closely related to the organization who practice it. 2. . 3 IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY It has been argued that all organization have an impact on society and the environment through their operations, products and services and through their interaction with key stakeholders and therefore CSR is important in all firms, large and small ( Williams, 2005; Hopkins, 2003) as cited by Sweeney (20 07). CSR is of relevance to a broader section of people than just stakeholders. It has political significance for governments of poorer and developing countries. Corporate conduct which is informed by CSR can, for example, contribute to the integration of foreign workers, o general education and training, employees’ retirement conditions and health benefits. CSR can also help governments address social and economic development needs in developing countries; it can help fight corruption and contribute to the implementation of human rights. Under these criteria, CSR can contribute in a major way to the welfare of their employees, and set examples for competing employers (Buhmann, 2006). Prout (2006) strongly believes that CSR plays a very important role in all organisations as CSR works ethically in many manner that brings benefits to all. According to Prout (2006) CSR is important as it is: Cost effective Reduce costumer’s risk and financial exposure and Gives firm a competitive advantage. He further states that, pollution prevention makes sense not because of end of pipe regulation, but because it has become cost effective approach to materials management. Product stewardship makes sense not because of waste disposal laws, but because it can reduce the customer’s risk and financial exposure. And the development and commercialization of clean technologies that reduce inputs as well as outputs makes sense because it can give one firm a competitive advantage. However, as argued by Moir (2001), CSR plays a part in solving social problems that arise in an organisation. He also further states that CSR would enhance reputation and greater employee loyalty and retention. The Commission of the European Communities (2002) as cited by (Jones et al . , 2005) argues that CSR has gained increasing recognition amongst companies as an important element in new and emerging forms of governance because it helps them to respond to a new set of fundamental changes in the overall business environment. These changes include globalisation and the responsibilities companies feel the need to address as they increasingly source products and services in developing countries; the issues of image and reputation, which have become increasingly important elements in corporate success; and the need for companies to recruit and retain highly skilled personnel. Girod and Bryane (2003) as cited by (Jones et al. , 2005) adopt a strategic marketing perspective arguing that CSR is â€Å"a key tool to create, develop and sustain differentiated brand names†. National and international governments have also been active in promoting CSR. Carlisle and Faulkner (2004) as cited by Sweeney (2007) has argued that SMEs are likely to experience a wide range of barriers including, a perception that CSR does not relate to SMEs and resource constraints such as financial, human and time limitations. Large firms tended to agree with this and argued that small firms, in comparison to themselves may lack resources such as finances, human resources or time to devote to CSR and this can act as a barrier preventing them from undertaking CSR. It was also mentioned from some large firm respondents that smaller firms may not feel CSR is an issue for smaller firms to concern themselves with and as such the main barrier may simple be a perception that there is no need for them to concern themselves with CSR (Sweeney, 2007). One of the main crucial barriers of CSR is corruption according to Lewicka-Strzalecka (2006), corruption is accompanied by economic stagnation and social decline. Therefore, it may be not ungrounded to suppose that there is a relation between the level of corruption in a country and social responsibility of companies of this country. Lewicka-Strzalecka (2006) believes that the high level of corruption discourages managers and businessmen from creating positive, long-standing relations with specific stakeholders, because the position of their companies is hardly dependant on their customers, employees, partners, and the local community. They are instead likely to get involved in corrupt deals with high-ranking state officials, in order to win tenders, ensure their access to the market, or get various licenses. Members of various social, consumers', and other non-governmental organisations use the resources assigned for social and ecological goals for their own private interest (Lewicka- Strzalecka, 2006). Lewicka- Strzalecka (2006) claims that one of the theoretical problems of CSR is the question of precisely defining a company's duties towards its stakeholders. The author then further states that if the demand towards business is specified too broadly, authorities and individuals feel exempted from their responsibility. One of the unintentional results of the CSR policy can be growing expectations from specific stakeholders, as well as indifference of the local and central government, which is only too glad to dispose of a part of its duties. When a company helps people in other than purely financial terms, it may be perceived as an example of paternalistic attitude towards the employees. For instance, dismissed employees think that the company would do better if it gave them specific sums of money instead of financing their outplacement, i. e. covering costs of training and providing psychological help (Lewicka- Strzalecka, 2006). Lewicka- Strzalecka (2006) also alleges that another of the results of CSR is the development of the welfare-state mentality. The author further explains it as; if a company voluntarily helps individuals or groups, after a certain time those groups can go on to regard it as something that is rightfully theirs, or even propose other demands. Systematic help may encourage acquired helplessness, damp entrepreneurship, and even establish a dependency between the business and those who could otherwise act on their own in the market or society 2. 3 BUSINESS ETHI*CS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT It is extremely important for managers to behave in ways that are ethical and consider the greater good of the organisation and its employees. Since ethics plays a major role in business management future managers therefore need to be aware of the positive and negative implications with one’s behaviour and hence this will allow them to think about how ethical and unethical behaviour has future effects. One of the main rolesof business ethics in business management is for managers to act as a role model by demonstrating ethical behaviour in order to set a leading example for other employees to look upon (Duarte, 2008). Another role of Business Ethics in business management involves creating a competitive advantage by creating resources that are socially complex, difficult to imitate and pass through critical time dependent stages (Dierickx and Cool, 1989; Barney, 1991; Amit and Schoemaker, 1993) as cited by (Galbreath, 2009). Such resources can be created based on reputation and trust which is not so easily imitated by competitors (Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Barney and Hansen, 1994) as cited by (Galbreath, 2009). Similarly, Jones (1995) as cited by (Galbreath, 2009) argues that firms who develop relationship with stakeholders based on honesty, trust and corporation are in a better position to gain an advantage over firms that do not. The reason being is that developing trust and corporation between stakeholders takes time, which in turn leads to mutually beneficial value exchanges which help gain advantages that lead to improved performance. Business ethics also plays a vital role in helping an organisation in creating a strong positive corporate image which is believed to be the foundation for building successful commercial relationships with different target publics. However, business ethics is also central in generating faith and trust between an organisation and its stakeholder (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005). Furthermore, Chajet (1989) as cited by (Papasolomou-Doukakis_ et al_. 2005) postulates that a company with a good image can more easily attract audiences that influence the success of the organisation such as investors, partners, employees and customers. Therefore Business Ethics highly contributes to enhanced performance. CSR undeniably plays a very important role in Business Management. According to Moir (2001) CSR plays a major role in building a sustainable growth for business in a responsible manner. The author further states that CSR brings many forms of business benefits which include enhanced reput ation and greater loyalty and retention. Furthermore The World Business Council for Sustainable Development on CSR (WBCSD, 1999) as cited by (Moir, 2001) states that CSR plays a major role in controlling risk, identifying market opportunities, improving reputation and maintaining public support. Buhmann (2006), reports the example of international companies who are recruiting employees that might otherwise find it difficult to get employed; this includes the recruitment of immigrant, refugees and disable people. In such a scenario, CSR plays a leading role in achieving a profile of decency within communities, and can have the advantage of attracting goodwill from governments in their efforts to integrate migrant workers or refugees who would otherwise have to be supported out of public funds. Organisations firmly believe that long term economic viability is in the interest of all stakeholders and that by integrating CSR into their organisation, it will play a role of providing long term growth and financial security for those stakeholders and to aintain or enhance their market position for example health and safety at work, training and management development all help to promote stability, security and efficiency within the workforce (Jones et al. , 2005). CSR also plays a role of giving organisations a competitive advantage over their competitors. CSR can take form of taking care of employees by providing them with benefits which could be a source of competitive advantage (Smith, 2007). A c ompetitive advantage also depends on reputation as well as on people, products and prices. Therefore, an organisation’s position in the market place depends on its acting in a socially responsible manner and how socially responsible its publics perceive it to be (Papasolomou-Doukakis et al. , 2005). Lantos (2001) states that prior to the 1960s, business ethics was not a major concern of business people. Rather, it was left to theologians to discuss issues of fair wages, unfair labor practices, and the morality of capitalism. The Protestant work ethic taught people to work hard and be successful – this was the essence of business’ social responsibility. He also declares that, beginning in the 1960s ethical issues in business were raised on an unprecedented scale. Consequently, we heard consumer outcries against insensitive and immoral business practices. As a reaction to the negative publicity, by the mid-1970s, the concept of raising corporate USA’s consciousness was in vogue in both corporate boardrooms and college classrooms. The idea was that enterprises should not single-mindedly pursue profit without regard to morality. Thus, since the 1970s, society’s expectations of business ethics have been climbing. Unlike yesteryear, productivity alone is no longer considered sufficient morally to justify a business organization. Also important is how wealth generation affects non-economic aspects of society, such as the welfare of employees, customers, and other members of the business system, as well as other outside groups and the natural environment (Lantos, 2001). Here is where CSR comes in. As the finding of Kilcullen and Kooistra (1999) states that CSR have canteredon the long-term advantages of socially responsible behaviour, advantages such as greater customer and employee loyalty and a more supportive external environment. 3. CONCLUSION To understand CSR one must also understand Business Ethics. Organisations need to have a commitment to developing and maintaining an ethical organisational culture. This organisational culture is considered Social glue by Serpa (1985) as cited by (Wood and Rentschler, 2003), as it binds the organisation around its values, beliefs and ways in which it e stablishes and executes organisational practice. If CSR is practiced effectively, it can be extremely beneficial to an organisation by creating customer loyalty and also helps in gaining a competitive advantage. However, I disagree with Altruistic CSR as I feel it is immoral. I strongly contemplate that seizing one’s wealth for another is immoral and therefore Altruistic CSR is partially inequitable, in my point of view. Albeit the above, from my understanding I consider Business ethics and CSR to be about similar to one another. Reason being; when an organisation practices CSR, indirectly Business ethics is being practiced. This can be proven as CSR is practised with betterment of both the society and organisation in mind. Therefore, having in mind the interest of a party that may not matter to the organisation shows ethical responsibility which is a part of Business ethics. Hence CSR and Business Ethics are similar in their own manner. REFERENCE JOURNALS Amit, R. and Schoemaker, P. (1993), ‘Strategic assets and organisational rents’, _Journal of Strategic Management, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 33-47, as cited by Galbreath, J. (2009), ‘Building corporate social responsibility into strategy’, Journal of European Business Review_, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 109-127. 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Maybe not! ’, Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Prout, J. (2006), ‘Corporate responsibility in the global economy: a business case’, Journal of Society and Business, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 184-191. Quester, P. G. and Thompson, B. (2001), ‘Advertising and promotion leverage on arts sponsorshi p effectiveness’, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-47, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2001), ‘The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Roberts, S. (2003), ‘Supply chain specific? Understanding the patchy success of ethical sourcing initiatives’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 44, No. 2/3, pp. 159-170, Sweeney, L. (2007), ‘Corporate social responsibility in Ireland: barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR’, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Serpa, R. 1985), ‘Creating a candid corporate culture’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 4, pp. 425-430. Smith, A. D. (2007), ‘Making the case for the competitive advantage of corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Business Strategy Series, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 186-195 Sweeney, L. (2007), ‘Corporate social respons ibility in Ireland: barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR’, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Tresize, E. K. (1996), ‘An introduction to business ethics for human resource management teaching and research’, Journal of Personnel Review, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 85-89. Williams, A. (2005), ‘Consumer social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Policy, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 34-35, Sweeney, L. (2007), ‘Corporate social responsibility in Ireland: barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR’, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Wood, D. J. (1991), ‘Corporate social performance revisited’, _Journal of Management Review, Vol. 16, pp. 691-718, as cited by Moir, L. (2001), ‘What do we mean by corporate social responsibility? ’, Journal of Corporate governance_, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 16-22. Wood, G. and Rentschler, R. 2003), †˜Ethical behaviour: the means for creating and maintaining better reputations in arts organisations’, Journal of Management Decision, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 528-537. BOOKS Carroll, A. B. (2000), ‘The four faces of corporate citizenship’, McGraw-Hill, Guiltford, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2002), ‘The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. Carroll, A. B. (2001), ‘Ethical challenges for business in the new millennium: Corporate social responsibility and models of management morality’, McGraw-Hill, Guilford, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2001), ‘The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Cutlip, S. M. , Center, A. H. , Broom, G. M. (2000), ‘Effective Public Relations’, Prentice Hall, Saddle River, New Jersey, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility: the way forward? Maybe not! ’, Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Davies, K. (1983), ‘An expanded view of the social responsibility of business’, 2nd ed, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2001), ‘The boundaries of strategic corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 595-632. Friedman, M. (1996), ‘The social responsibility of business is to increase profits’, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand Rapids, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2002), ‘The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. Hopkins, M. (2003), ‘The Planetary Bargain, Corporate Social Responsibility Matters’, Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, Sweeney, L. 2007), ‘Corporate social responsibility in Ireland: barriers and opportunities experienced by SMEs when undertaking CSR’, Journal of Corporate Governance, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 516-523. Mackiewicz, A. (1993), ‘Guide to Building a Global Image’, McGraw-Hill, New York, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility: the way forward? Maybe not! ’, Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Seitel, F. P. (2001), ‘The practice of public relations’, 8th ed, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility: the way forward? Maybe not! ’, Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Smith, N. C. and Quelch, J. A. (1993), ‘Ethics in Marketing’, Irwin, Homewood, Illinois, as cited by Lantos, G. P. (2002), ‘The ethicality of altruisic corporate social responsibility’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 205-232. INTERNET ARTICLES Commission of the European Communities (2001), ‘Promoting a European framework for Corporate Social Responsibility’, available at: http://europa. u. int/eur-lex/en/comg pr/2001/com2001_0366en01. pdf , as cited by Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility and the UK’s top ten retailers’, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. Commission of the European Communities (2002), ‘Communication from the Commission concerning Corporate Social Responsibility: A business contribution to sustainable development’, available at: http://europa. eu. int/comm? Employment_social/soc-dial/csr/csr2002_en. pdf, Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. 2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility and the UK’s top ten retailers’, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. Confederation of British Industry (2001), ‘CBI response to the European commission green paper on: ‘promoting a European framework for corporate social responsibility’, available at: www. europa. eu. int/comm/employment_social/soc-dia l/csr/cbi_uk_en011219. htm, as cited by Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility and the UK’s top ten retailers’, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 82-892. The World Bank Group (2004), ‘Corporate social responsibility’, available at: www. worldbank. org/development communications/where1/environment/csr. htm, as cited by Jones, P. , Comfort, D. , Hillier, D. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility and the UK’s top ten retailers’, Journal of Retail and distribution Management, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 882-892. CONFERENCE PAPERS Kitchen, P. J. , Schultz, D. E. (2002), ‘Managing reputation: global issues and problems’, paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications, 29-30 April, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility: the way forwa rd? Maybe not! ’, Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263-279. Poiesz, T. B. C. (1988), ‘The image concept: Its place in consumer psychology and its potential for other psychological area’, paper presented at the 24th International Congress of Psychology, Sydney, as cited by Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. , Krambia-Kapardis, M. , Katsioloudes, M. (2005), ‘Corporate social responsibility: the way forward? Maybe not! ’, Journal of European Business Review, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 263-279. To amass this literature review, the most applicable or significant source would be secondary sources as it is very reliable and valid. Although there are many secondary sources available but journals retrieved from emerald insight database are mostly used in this literature review. The reason being is that journals published in the site have been permitted by many other researchers who hold high ranks. The credibility of the journals used is also considered much higher because journals on emerald are reviewed before being published. However most of the journal authors hold high ranks in universities. For example, Geoffrey Lantos is a professor of Business Administration at Stonehill College, USA. Maureen Kilcullen is also an assistant professor at Kent University, USA. Lance Moir is a senior lecturer in Finance and Accounting at Cranfield School of Management. Moir also has a considerable amount of work experience as he was the Head of Corporate Finance and Planning at Storehouse plc from 1985 to 1990 and the director of Corporate Finance at Bass plc from 1991 to 1994. He is also the author of Managing Liquidity. Therefore, from their positions and experience, it can be seen that the authors are very well established in their qualification. All journals are also found to be very consistent, well presented with a valuable amount of information and include a good number of references. All the journals used in this literature do not have pre assumptions and are not biased. In addition, all these sources are up to date, considered to be reliable and valid and they have been picked from an authentic source. Appendix 2: Mind Map Appendix 3: Types of CSR {draw:frame} Source : Lantos (2001)